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kron

Kronecker tensor product

Description

example

K = kron(A,B) returns the Kronecker tensor product of matrices A and B. If A is an m-by-n matrix and B is a p-by-q matrix, then kron(A,B) is an m*p-by-n*q matrix formed by taking all possible products between the elements of A and the matrix B.

Examples

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Create a block diagonal matrix.

Create a 4-by-4 identity matrix and a 2-by-2 matrix that you want to be repeated along the diagonal.

A = eye(4);
B = [1 -1;-1 1];

Use kron to find the Kronecker tensor product.

K = kron(A,B)
K = 8×8

     1    -1     0     0     0     0     0     0
    -1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0
     0     0     1    -1     0     0     0     0
     0     0    -1     1     0     0     0     0
     0     0     0     0     1    -1     0     0
     0     0     0     0    -1     1     0     0
     0     0     0     0     0     0     1    -1
     0     0     0     0     0     0    -1     1

The result is an 8-by-8 block diagonal matrix.

Expand the size of a matrix by repeating elements.

Create a 2-by-2 matrix of ones and a 2-by-3 matrix whose elements you want to repeat.

A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6];
B = ones(2);

Calculate the Kronecker tensor product using kron.

K = kron(A,B)
K = 4×6

     1     1     2     2     3     3
     1     1     2     2     3     3
     4     4     5     5     6     6
     4     4     5     5     6     6

The result is a 4-by-6 block matrix.

This example visualizes a sparse Laplacian operator matrix.

The matrix representation of the discrete Laplacian operator on a two-dimensional, n-by- n grid is a n*n-by- n*n sparse matrix. There are at most five nonzero elements in each row or column. You can generate the matrix as the Kronecker product of one-dimensional difference operators. In this example n = 5.

n = 5;
I = speye(n,n);
E = sparse(2:n,1:n-1,1,n,n);
D = E+E'-2*I;
A = kron(D,I)+kron(I,D);

Visualize the sparsity pattern with spy.

spy(A,'k')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel nz = 105 contains a line object which displays its values using only markers.

Input Arguments

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Input matrices, specified as scalars, vectors, or matrices. If either A or B is sparse, then kron multiplies only nonzero elements and the result is also sparse.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64 | logical
Complex Number Support: Yes

More About

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Kronecker Tensor Product

If A is an m-by-n matrix and B is a p-by-q matrix, then the Kronecker tensor product of A and B is a large matrix formed by multiplying B by each element of A

AB=[a11Ba12Ba1nBa21Ba22Ba2nBam1Bam2BamnB].

For example, two simple 2-by-2 matrices produce

A=[1210],B=[4323]AB=[1·41·32·42·31·21·32·22·31·41·30·40·31·21·30·20·3]=[4386234643002300].

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced before R2006a